ABSTRACT
Objetivo: avaliar a associação entre as complicações relacionadas à sonda nasoenteral e diagnósticos de enfermagem. Método: dupla coorte prospectiva de pacientes adultos, usuários de sonda nasoenteral em um hospital universitário. Os dados foram coletados diariamente do prontuário dos pacientes por meio de formulário eletrônico. As complicações relacionadas à sonda nasoenteral foram clínicas (diarreia e constipação) e mecânicas (tração e obstrução). Os diagnósticos de enfermagem avaliados foram aqueles relacionados à nutrição dos pacientes, identificados pela equipe assistente e coletado em prontuário. Resultados: Acompanhou-se 494 pacientes, a maioria idosos (69,4%). Do total de pacientes, 38,1% tiveram alguma complicação clínica e, 36,4% apresentaram complicações mecânicas relacionadas à sonda nasoenteral. Pacientes com complicações apresentaram maior número de diagnósticos de enfermagem implementados e tempo de uso de sonda (p<0,001). Deglutição prejudicada (31%) e Nutrição desequilibrada: menos que as necessidades corporais (30%) foram os diagnósticos de enfermagem mais frequentes. Conclusão: As complicações relacionadas à sonda nasoenteral ocorreram em percentual elevado. Os pacientes com tais complicações apresentaram maior número de diagnósticos de enfermagem implementados e tempo de uso de sonda.
Objective: to evaluate the association between complications related to the nasoenteral tube and nursing diagnoses. Method: double prospective cohort of adult patients using nasoenteral tube in a university hospital. Data were collected daily from the patients' charts using an electronic form. nasoenteral tube-related complications were clinical (diarrhea and constipation) and mechanical (traction and obstruction). The nursing diagnoses evaluated were those related to the patients' nutrition, identified by the assistant team and collected from the medical records. Results: 494 patients were followed up, most of them elderly (69.4%). Of the total number of patients, 38.1% had some clinical complication, and 36.4% had mechanical complications related to the nasoenteral tube. Patients with complications had a great number of nursing diagnoses implemented and time using nasoenteral tube (p<0.001). Impaired swallowing (31%) and Unbalanced nutrition: less than body needs (30%) were the most frequent nursing diagnoses. Conclusion: Complications related to the nasoenteral tube occurred in a high percentage. Patients with such complications had a greater number of nursing diagnoses implemented and time using nasoenteral tube.
Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre las complicaciones relacionadas con la sonda nasoenteral y los diagnósticos de enfermería. Metodo: doble cohorte prospectiva de pacientes adultos usuários de sonda nasoenteral en um hospital universitário. Los datos se recogieron diariamente de las historias clínicas de los pacientes mediante un formulário electrónico. Las complicaciones relacionadas con la sonda nasoenteral fueron clínicas (diarrea y estreñimiento) y mecânicas (tracción y obstrucción). Los diagnósticos de enfermería evaluados fueron aquellos relacionados con la nutrición de los pacientes, identificados por el equipo asistencial y recolectados de las historias clínicas. Resultados: Se siguieron 494 pacientes, la mayoría ancianos (69,4%). Del total de pacientes, el 38,1% presentó alguna complicación clínica y el 36,4% presentó complicaciones mecánicas relacionadas con el sonda nasoenteral. Los pacientes con complicaciones tuvieron mayor número de diagnósticos de enfermería implementados y tiempo de uso de sonda (p<0,001). Deglución alterada (31%) y Nutrición desequilibrada: inferior a las necessidades corporales (30%) fueron los diagnósticos de enfermería más frecuentes. Conclusión: Las complicaciones relacionadas com el sonda nasoenteral ocurrieron em un alto porcentaje. Los pacientes con tales complicaciones tuvieron mayor número de diagnósticos de enfermería implementados y tiempo de uso de sonda.
Subject(s)
Enteral Nutrition , Nursing Diagnosis , Patient Safety , Intubation, Gastrointestinal , Nursing AssessmentABSTRACT
Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o impacto de um programa de melhoria da qualidade relacionado aos indicadores de frequência de sondas nasoenterais obstruídas, do tempo despendido pela equipe de enfermagem no preparo e na administração de medicamentos orais por essa via, e dos custos associados ao incidente. Método Estudo de intervenção voltado para a comparação pré (Fase I) e pós (Fase II) implementação de um Programa Melhoria da Qualidade, proposto pelo Institute for Healthcare Improvement . Foram observadas 92 doses de medicamentos na Fase I e 66 doses na Fase II. Foram necessários quatro ciclos Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) para atingir a meta proposta para o programa de melhoria. Resultados Houve redução no tempo médio gasto pelo profissional no preparo e na administração de medicamentos sólidos via sonda nasoenteral em ambas as fases. As frequências de sondas obstruídas reduziram de 33,3% (Fase I) para 7,4% (Fase II) e nenhuma sonda apresentou-se obstruída durante os ciclos 1, 2 e 4. O custo médio da obstrução por paciente foi de R$ 1.251,05 ao mês na Fase I e de R$ 23,31 na Fase II. Após as mudanças testadas, foi verificada economia de tempo para a equipe de enfermagem e de custo para a instituição. Conclusão Os ciclos PDSA foram eficazes na redução de não conformidades no preparo e na administração de medicamentos via sonda nasoenteral. Tal melhoria impactou a frequência de obstrução, os custos relacionados e o tempo médio gasto pelo profissional de enfermagem durante o preparo e a administração das doses.
Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el impacto de un programa de mejora de la calidad relacionado con los indicadores de frecuencia de sondas nasoenterales obstruidas, del tempo invertido por el equipo de enfermería en la preparación y en la administración de medicamentos orales por esa vía y de los costos asociados con el incidente. Métodos Estudio de intervención direccionado para la comparación previa (Fase I) y posterior (Fase II) a la implementación de un Programa Mejora de la Calidad, propuesto por el Institute for Healthcare Improvement . Se observaron 92 dosis de medicamentos en la Fase I y 66 dosis en la Fase II. Se necesitaron cuatro ciclos Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) para alcanzar la meta propuesta para el programa de mejora. Resultados Hubo reducción del tiempo promedio consumido por el profesional en la preparación y en la administración de medicamentos sólidos por sonda nasoenteral en ambas fases. La frecuencia de la obstrucción de las sondas se redujo del 33,3 % (Fase I) para el 7,4 % (Fase II) y ninguna sonda presentó obstrucción durante los ciclos 1, 2 y 4. El costo promedio de la obstrucción por paciente fue de R$ 1.251,05 al mes en la Fase I y de R$ 23,31 en la Fase II. Después de someter a pruebas los cambios, se verificó un ahorro de tiempo para el equipo de enfermería y de costo para la institución. Conclusión Los ciclos PDSA fueron eficaces en la reducción de no conformidades en la preparación y en la administración de medicamentos por sonda nasoenteral. Esa mejora impactó la frecuencia de obstrucción, los costos relacionados y el tiempo promedio consumido por el profesional de enfermería durante la preparación y la administración de las dosis.
Abstract Objective Evaluate the impact of a quality improvement program related to the frequency indicators of obstructed nasogastric tubes, the time the nursing team spent on oral medication preparation and administration through this route, and the costs associated with the incident. Method Intervention study aimed at comparing pre (Phase I) and post (Phase II) implementation of a Quality Improvement Program, proposed by Institute for Healthcare Improvement . Ninety-two medication doses were observed in Phase I and 66 doses in Phase II. Four Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles were needed to achieve the proposed target for the improvement program. Results The average time the professional spent on solid medication preparation and administration through nasogastric tube decreased in both phases. Frequencies of obstructed tubes dropped from 33.3% (Phase I) to 7.4% (Phase II) and no probe was obstructed during cycles 1, 2, and 4. The average cost of the obstruction per patient was R$ 1,251.05 per month in Phase I and R$ 23.31 in Phase II. After testing the changes, time savings for the nursing team and cost savings for the institution were verified. Conclusion The PDSA cycles were effective in reducing non-conformities in medication preparation and administration via nasogastric tube. This improvement influenced the obstruction frequency, related costs, and the average time the nursing professional spent on the preparation and administration of the medication doses.
Subject(s)
Humans , Administration, Intranasal , Quality Improvement , Patient Safety , Intubation, Gastrointestinal , Medication Errors/prevention & control , Stents , Administration, OralABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the agreement between nurse and physician in verifying the positioning of the nasogastric tube by ultrasonography and describe the difficulties faced by nurse in performing the technique. Method Cross-sectional study conducted in 2021, including critical patients after nasogastric tube insertion who were independently evaluated by a nurse and physician, using bedside ultrasonography. The tube was considered adequately positioned when viewed in infradiaphragmatic location in the topography of the stomach. Results In the 30 peer evaluations there was almost perfect agreement (k = 0.93; 95%CI: 0.65 - 0.99). In only one case the nurse was uncertain about the positioning. Some difficulties were reported: abdominal distention (n=2), gas interposition (n=3) and patient movement during the exam (n=2). Conclusion A trained nurse obtained very similar results to those found by a physician in identifying the nasogastric tube placement by means of ultrasonography, suggesting a reproducible and safe technique.
RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la concordancia entre enfermero y médico en la verificación del posicionamiento de la sonda nasoenteral por ultrasonido y describir las dificultades enfrentadas por el enfermero en la realización de la técnica. Método Estudio transversal, realizado en el 2021, incluyendo pacientes críticos después de la inserción de la sonda nasoenteral, que fueron evaluados de manera independiente por enfermero y médico, utilizando ultrasonido al lado de la cama. La sonda fue considerada correctamente posicionada cuando visualizada en posición infradiafragmatica en la topografía del abdomen. Resultado En los 30 pares de evaluaciones hubo concordancia casi perfecta (k = 0,93; IC95%: 0,65 - 0,99). En apenas un caso hubo duda de la enfermera acerca del posicionamiento. Fueron relatadas algunas dificultades: distensión abdominal (n=2), interposición de gases (n-3) y movimiento del paciente durante el examen (n=2). Conclusión Un enfermero capacitadoobtuve resultados muy semejantes a los obtenidos por un médico en la identificación del posicionamiento de la sonda nasoenteral por medio de ultrasonido, sugiriendo tratarse de una técnica reproducible y segura.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a concordância entre enfermeiroe médico na determinação da localizaçãoda sonda enteral por ultrassonografia e descrever as dificuldades encontradas pelo enfermeiro na execução da técnica. Método Estudo transversal, realizado em 2021, incluindo pacientes críticos após a inserção dasondaenteral, avaliados de modo independente por enfermeiro e médico, utilizando ultrassonografia à beira do leito. A sonda foi considerada adequadamente posicionada quando visualizada em posição infradiafragmática na topografia do estômago. Resultados Nos 30 pares de avaliações houve concordância quase perfeita (k = 0,93; IC95%: 0,65 - 0,99). Em apenas um caso houve dúvida do enfermeiro sobre o posicionamento. As dificuldades relatadas foram:distensão abdominal (n=2), interposição de gás (n=3) e movimentação do paciente durante o exame (n=2). Conclusão Um enfermeiro capacitadoobteve resultados semelhantes aos encontrados por um médico na identificação do posicionamento da sondaenteral por meio de ultrassonografia, sugerindo tratar-se de uma técnica reprodutível e segura.
ABSTRACT
Objective: to analyze in the scientific literature the evidence on nasogastric/nasoenteric tube related adverse events in adult patients. Method: integrative literature review through the search of publications in journals indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, EMBASE and Scopus, and hand searching, was undertaken up to April 2017. Results: the sample consisted of 69 primary studies, mainly in English and published in the USA and UK. They were divided in two main categories and subcategories: the first category refers to Mechanical Adverse Events (respiratory complications; esophageal or pharyngeal complications; tube obstruction; intestinal perforation; intracranial perforation and unplanned tube removal) and the second alludes to Others (pressure injury related to fixation and misconnections). Death was reported in 16 articles. Conclusion: nasogastric/nasoenteric tube related adverse events are relatively common and the majority involved respiratory harm that resulted in increased hospitalization and/or death. The results may contribute to healthcare professionals, especially nurses, to develop an evidence-based guideline for insertion and correct positioning of bedside enteral tubes in adult patients.
Objetivo: analisar na literatura científica as evidências sobre eventos adversos relacionados à sonda nasogástrica/nasoentérica em pacientes adultos. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura realizada em abril de 2017 por meio da busca de publicações em periódicos indexados no PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, EMBASE e Scopus, e de buscas manuais. Resultados: a amostra foi composta por 69 estudos primários, principalmente em inglês e publicados nos EUA e Reino Unido. Eles foram divididos em duas categorias e subcategorias principais: A primeira categoria refere-se aos Eventos Adversos Mecânicos - complicações respiratórias; complicações esofágicas ou faríngeas; obstrução da sonda; perfuração intestinal; perfuração intracraniana e remoção acidental da sonda e a segunda, alude a Outros - lesão por pressão relacionada à fixação e conexão incorreta. A morte foi relatada em 16 artigos. Conclusão: os eventos adversos relacionados à sonda nasogástrica/nasoentérica são relativamente comuns e a maioria envolveu eventos adversos respiratórios que resultaram em hospitalização prolongada e/ou morte. Os resultados podem contribuir para que os profissionais de saúde, especialmente enfermeiros, desenvolvam diretrizes baseadas em evidências para a inserção e posicionamento correto de sondas enterais à beira do leito em pacientes adultos.
Objetivo: analizar en la literatura científica la evidencia con respecto a eventos adversos relacionados con sondas nasogástricas y/o nasoenterales en pacientes adultos. Método: una revisión integradora de la literatura realizada por medio de una búsqueda de artículos en publicaciones indexadas en PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, EMBASE y Scopus, al igual que por medio de búsquedas manuales, llevadas a cabo hasta el mes de abril de 2017. Resultados: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 69 artículos primarios, principalmente redactados en inglés y publicados en EE. UU. y en el Reino Unido. Se los dividió en dos categorías principales y subcategorías: la primera categoría se refiere a los eventos adversos mecánicos: complicaciones respiratorias; complicaciones esofágicas o faríngeas; obstrucción de la sonda; perforación intestinal; perforación intracraneal y extracción accidental de la sonda y el segundo, alude a Otro - lesión por presión relacionada con la fijación y conexión incorrecta. Se informaron fallecimientos en 16 artículos. Conclusión: los eventos adversos relacionados con sondas nasogástricas y/o nasoenterales son relativamente comunes y la mayoría implicó daños respiratorios que derivaron en internaciones prolongadas y/o en fallecimientos. Los resultados pueden contribuir al trabajo de los profesionales de la salud, especialmente los de Enfermería, en el desarrollo de una directriz basada en evidencias para la inserción y el correcto posicionamiento de los tubos enterales al lado de la cama en pacientes adultos.
Subject(s)
Nursing , Enteral Nutrition , Health Personnel , Death , Delivery of Health Care , Patient Safety , Patient Harm , Intestinal Perforation , Intubation, GastrointestinalABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: relatar casos de cateteres nasoenterais mal posicionados, após inserção às cegas à beira leito. Método: são apresentados três casos, os quais ocorreram em uma instituição hospitalar localizada no estado de São Paulo. Os cateteres foram inseridos pelo enfermeiro conforme protocolo institucional, para posicionamento em nível entérico. Ausculta epigástrica e mensuração do pH foram os métodos empregados na confirmação do posicionamento dos cateteres e posteriormente foi realizado o exame de Raios-X, considerado exame de referência para confirmar o posicionamento de cateteres nasoenterais. Resultados: dos três cateteres mal posicionados, dois estavam com a extremidade distal projetada para a junção esofagogástrica e uma não foi visibilizada, apesar de a ausculta ter sido positiva e os valores de pH terem sido superiores a seis. Conclusão: os resultados revelaram importantes limitações de ambos os métodos na verificação do posicionamento de cateteres nasoenterais que foram inseridos recentemente às cegas à beira leito.
RESUMEN Objetivo: reportar casos de catéteres nasoenterales mal posicionados tras inserción ciega a pie de cama. Método: se presentan tres casos, ocurridos en un hospital ubicado en el estado de São Paulo. Los catéteres fueron insertados por el enfermero según protocolo institucional, para su colocación a nivel entérico. La auscultación epigástrica y la medición del pH fueron los métodos utilizados para confirmar la posición de los catéteres y posteriormente se realizó el examen de rayos X, considerado un examen de referencia para confirmar la posición de los catéteres nasoenterales. Resultados: de los tres catéteres mal posicionados, dos tenían el extremo distal proyectado a la unión esofagogástrica y uno no se visualizaba, a pesar de que la auscultación era positiva y los valores de pH superiores a seis. Conclusión: los resultados revelaron importantes limitaciones de ambos métodos para verificar la posición de los catéteres nasoenterales recientemente insertados a ciegas a la cabecera de la cama.
ABSTRACT Objective: to report cases of poorly positioned nasoenteral catheters after blind insertion at the bedside. Method: three cases are presented, which occurred in a hospital located in the state of São Paulo. The catheters were inserted by the nurse according to institutional protocol, for placement at the enteric level. Epigastric auscultation and pH measurement were the methods used to confirm the positioning of the catheters and subsequently the X-Ray exam was performed, considered a reference exam to confirm the positioning of nasoenteral catheters. Results: of the three poorly positioned catheters, two were with the distal end projected to the esophagogastric junction and one was not visualized, despite the auscultation being positive and the pH values being higher than six. Conclusion: the results revealed important limitations of both methods in verifying the positioning of nasoenteral catheters that were recently inserted blindly at the bedside.
Subject(s)
Humans , Catheters , Patient Care , Intubation, Gastrointestinal/methods , X-Rays , Enteral Nutrition , Hydrogen-Ion ConcentrationABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effects of swallowing function rehabilitation exercise on swallowing function and gastric tube removal rate in patients with stroke during the period of nasal feeding.Methods:A total of 60 patients with stroke who received treatment in Jinhua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China between May 2016 and May 2019 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to receive either conventional clinical treatment (control group, n = 30) or swallowing function rehabilitation exercise combined with conventional clinical treatment (observation group, n = 30) for 4 weeks. Clinical efficacy, swallowing function, daily oral intake, gastric tube removal rate within 30 days, and quality of life score were compared between the control and observation groups. Results:Total clinical effective rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [96.67% (27/30) vs. 70.00% (21/30), χ2 = 7.680, P = 0.006]. Swallowing function in the observation group was graded 1 ( n = 7), 2 ( n = 12), 3 ( n = 8), and 4 ( n = 3). Swallowing function in the control group was graded 2 ( n = 5), 3 ( n = 10), 4 ( n = 8) and 5 ( n = 7). There was significant difference in swallowing function between the two groups ( Z = 17.105, P = 0.001). The gastric tube removal rate within 30 days in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (86.67% vs. 50.00%, t = 9.320, P = 0.002). The daily oral intake and quality of life score in the observation group were (558.62 ± 12.62) mL/d, (83.62 ± 4.58) points, (84.52 ± 4.14) points, (83.25 ± 4.29) points, (82.26 ± 3.46) points, (83.62 ± 3.62) points, (82.49 ± 3.55) points, (81.45 ± 3.52) points, (82.55 ± 3.64) points, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group [(309.54 ± 8.16) mL/d, (70.06 ± 2.62) points, (71.52 ± 4.01) points, (71.16 ± 3.84) points, (72.16 ± 3.76) points, (71.26 ± 2.46) points, (70.26 ± 2.44) points, (71.56 ± 3.55) points, (72.33 ± 3.05) points, t = 90.780, 14.076, 12.354, 11.608, 10.826, 15.468, 15.550, 10.835, 11.787, all P < 0.05]. Conclusion:Swallowing function rehabilitation exercise can improve the swallowing function of stroke patients during nasal feeding, promote the early recovery of swallowing function, increase gastric tube removal rate, increase food intake, and improve the quality of life and prognosis.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo conhecer os eventos adversos relacionados à inserção, manutenção e remoção de sonda enteral descritos na literatura. Método trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura. A estratégia PICO foi utilizada para formulação da questão norteadora. Foram selecionados artigos das bases PubMed, Embase e Scopus, publicados entre junho de 2009 e junho de 2019, nas línguas portuguesa, espanhola e inglesa. Resultados foram incluídos 45 estudos, categorizados em eventos adversos relacionados à inserção da sonda enteral (n=22) que promoveram danos como epistaxe por lesão até a inserção de sonda no átrio direito; eventos relativos à manutenção da sonda e/ou administração de dieta (n=14), como a infusão de dieta em sítio pulmonar; e aqueles ocorridos na remoção (n=9), como emaranhado na ponta distal. Conclusão diferentes eventos adversos descritos na literatura podem ocorrer na inserção, manutenção, administração de dieta e remoção da sonda enteral.
Objetivo conocer los eventos adversos relacionados a la inserción, manutención y remoción de una sonda enteral descritos en la literatura. Método esa es una revisión integrativa de la literatura. Se utilizó a la estrategia PICO para formular la pregunta rectora. Se seleccionó artículos de las bases PubMed, Embase y Scopus publicados de junio de 2009 hasta julio de 2019 en portugués, español e inglés. Resultados se incluyó 45 estudios y se les categorizó como eventos adversos relacionados a la inserción de la sonda enteral (n=22) y que causaron daños como epistaxis por lesión e inserción de la sonda en la aurícula derecha; eventos relacionados a la manutención de la sonda y/o la administración de dieta (n=14), como la infusión de la dieta en sitio pulmonar; y eventos relacionados a la remoción de la sonda (n=9), como el enmarañamiento del extremo distal de la sonda. Conclusión diversos eventos adversos descritos en la literatura pueden ocurrir en la inserción, manutención, administración de dieta y remoción de la sonda enteral.
Objective surveying scientific literature with regards to adverse events related to the insertion, maintenance, and removal of enteral tubes. Method this is an integrative literature review. The PICO strategy was used to elaborate the guiding question. This research reviewed articles published from June 2009 to July 2019 in Portuguese, Spanish and English, in the databases PubMed, Embase and Scopus. Results 45 studies were included and categorized as adverse events involving enteral tubes related to the insertion of the tube (n=22), which caused damage such as epistaxis caused by lesion and insertion of the tube in the right-side atrium; events related to the maintenance of the tube and/or administration of the diet (n=14), such as infusing the diet into the lungs; and those related to tube removal (n=9), such as entanglements in the distal end. Conclusion different adverse events described in literature can take place during the insertion, maintenance, diet administration, and removal of the enteral tube.
Subject(s)
Humans , Enteral Nutrition , Patient Safety , Critical Care Nursing , Intubation, Gastrointestinal , Intubation/nursing , Nursing Care/methodsABSTRACT
O estudo objetiva identificar aspectos relacionados à utilização de anestésicos durante o procedimento de sondagem nasogastrintestinal. A produção consiste em uma revisão sistemática da literatura, seguindo a recomendação Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), em março de 2018. Na busca foram encontrados 70 estudos, após a leitura e aplicação dos critérios de exclusão restaram oito. Dentre os estudos utilizados todos eram internacionais, com data de publicação variando de 1999 a 2018, o país com maior número de publicação foi a Austrália, o tipo de estudo predominante foi o randomizado, duplo-cego com amostras entre 30 a 212. Logo, conclui-se que o uso do anestésico é mais eficiente quando comparado a lubrificantes cirúrgicos, a lidocaína é o agente mais evidenciado e a utilização de associações anestésicas apresentam resultados positivos.
This study aims to identify aspects related to the use of anesthetics during the nasogastrintestinal catheterization procedure. The production consists of a systematic review of the literature, following the recommendation Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA), in March 2018. In the search were found 70 studies, after reading and applying the exclusion criteria there were eight. Among the studies used were all international, with a date of publication varying from 1999 to 2018, the country with the highest number of publications was Australia, the predominant type of study was the randomized, double-blind study with samples between 30 and 212. Thus, it is concluded that the use of anesthetic is more efficient when compared to surgical lubricants, lidocaine is the most evidenced agent and the use of anesthetic associations present positive results.
El estudio objetiva identificar aspectos relacionados a la utilización de anestésicos durante el procedimiento de cateterismo nasogastrintestinal. La producción consiste en una revisión sistemática de la literatura, siguiendo la recomendación Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews y Meta-Analys (PRISMA), en marzo de 2018. En la búsqueda se encontraron 70 estudios, después de la lectura y aplicación de los criterios de exclusión quedaron ocho. Entre los estudios utilizados todos eran internacionales, con fecha de publicación variando de 1999 a 2018, el país con mayor número de publicación fue Australia, el tipo de estudio predominante fue el randomizado, doble ciego con muestras entre 30 a 212. Luego, se concluye que el uso del anestésico es más eficiente cuando se compara a los lubricantes quirúrgicos, la lidocaína es el agente más evidenciado y la utilización de asociaciones anestésicas presenta resultados positivos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pain , Intubation, Gastrointestinal , Anesthetics , ReviewABSTRACT
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is commonly performed for feeding difficulties, in patients suffering from complications of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its treatment, namely radiotherapy and surgery. This case report describes the challenges in hemostasis and subsequent re-establishment of enteral access for feeding, in an elderly patient with a history of NPC, treated surgically, followed by radiotherapy, who presented with massive hematemesis following reinsertion of her PEG shortly after an accidental dislodgement. Her previous nasopharyngectomy, wide field radiation therapy, and radical neck dissection precluded nasogastric tube feeding, and the presence of a large hiatus hernia made reinsertion of a new PEG technically challenging. This case highlights the methods used to overcome the above challenges.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Enteral Nutrition , Esophageal Stenosis , Gastrostomy , Hematemesis , Hemostasis , Hernia, Hiatal , Intubation, Gastrointestinal , Neck Dissection , Radiotherapy , Stomach Ulcer , UlcerABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Guardian for airway management in the patients requiring insertion of nasogastric tube before laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods Sixty patients of both sexes,aged 26-64 yr,weighing 48-95 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ,with Mallampati grade Ⅰ-Ⅲ,scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia,were divided into group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (n =30 each) using a random number table.In group Ⅰ,the nasogastric tube was inserted through the drain tube of LMA Guardian.In group],the nasogastric tube was inserted through the nostril before operation,and after successful LMA Guardian placement,another nasogastric tube was inserted through the drain tube of LMA Guardian.The hemodynamic parameters,SpO2,end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide and peak airway pressure (Ppeak) were monitored during operation.The fiberoptic laryngoscopy scores were assessed after successful LMA placement,and the nasogastric tube displacement was recorded.The LMA placement time,success rate of LMA placement at first attempt,airway sealing pressure,occurrence of air leakage of LMA and nasogastric tube drainage were recorded.The bloodstains and gastroesophageal reflux were observed after removal of the LMA.The pH values were tested at the tip of LMA and on the dorsal and ventral sides of the body of LMA using pH test papers.The development of adverse reactions in the oropharynx was recorded within 24 h after operation.Results The hemodynamics was stable,the SpO2 and Ppeak were within the normal range during operation,and Ppeak was lower than airway sealing pressure in the two groups (P＞0.05),and there was no significant difference between the two groups.There was no significant difference between the two groups in the LMA placement time,success rate of LMA placement at first attempt,airway sealing pressure,score for exposure of oropharynx,development of adverse reactions in the oropharynx,consumption of anesthetics,development of bloodstains within the body of LMA and gastroesophageal reflux,and pH values at the tip of LMA and on the dorsal and ventral sides of the body of LMA (P＞0.05).Nasogastric tube drainage:the rate of nasogastric tube drainage through the LMA Guardian was 67％ in group Ⅰ;the rate of nasogastric tube drainage through the nostril was 40％,and the rate of nasogastric tube drainage though the LMA Guardian was 50％ in group Ⅱ.No nasogastric tube displacement was found after operation in group Ⅱ.Conclusion For the patients requiring insertion of nasogastric tube before laparoscopic cholecystectomy,insertion of LMA Guardian is easy,and LMA Guardian can assure good airway sealing and adequate ventilation and can be safely and effectively used for airway management in this type of patients.
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Objective To investigate early nasogastric nutrition on patients with acute decompensated chronic heart failure,and observe its influence on patient's disease outcome.Methods From January 2012 to December 2013,100 cases with acute decompensated chronic heart failure were used as the research subjects,were randomly divided into experimental and control groups with 50 cases each group.Patients of two groups adopt expansion of blood vessels,strong heart,diuresis,and routine anti-infection treatment;Based on this scheme,experimental group adopt early nasogastric nutrition.The cardiac function index,the change of nutritional status and clinical curative effect and the result of follow-up within 1 year after discharge of two groups were compared.Results Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD) in two groups after treatment were decreased,and the descender of experimental group was superior to that of the control group with statistically significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF) of two groups were improved,and the rise of experimental group was superior to that of control group with statistically significant difference (P ＜0.05).In the two groups after treatment,the serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were significantly decreased,and the descender of the experimental group was more than that of control group with statistically significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,body mass index (BMI),the level of serum prealbumin (PA),transferrin (TRF),and the total number of lymphocytes of two groups were increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05);and BMI,the level of serum PA and TRF,and the total number of lymphocytes of the experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).The total effective rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).The exacerbation rates,readmission and mortality rate of experimental group follow-up within 1 year after discharge were significantly lower than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The early nasogastric nutrition on the patients with acute decompensated chronic heart failure was better able to improve patients' nutrition state,more conducive to patients with cardiac function recovery,improve the clinical curative effect,and reduce the exacerbation rates,and readmission and mortality rate.
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Objective To compare ultrasound-and endoscopy-guided methods in nasogastrojejunal tube placement in critical ill patients at bedside.Methods A tot al of 95 critical ill patients planed to perform enteral nutrition (EN) were enrolled.They were divided randomly into ultrasound-guided group (48 patients)and endoscopy-guided group (47 patients).The success rate,the incidence of complications and the time they took were compared between two groups.Results Ultrasound guided group was compared to endoscopy guided group with a lower success rate (81.3％ vs 100％,P =0.003),mainly because of the initial 24-stage having a very low success rate (66.7％ vs 100％,P =0.000),but the success rate of the following 24 cases was significantly improved (95.8％ vs 100％,P =0.338).Ultrasound guided group didn 't cause more complications (2.1％ vs 0,P =1.000),and consumed less time [(13.3 ± 2.8)min vs (15.0 ± 1.4) min,P =0.000].Compared to the following 24 cases,the initial 24 cases of ultrasound guided group in nasogastrojejunal tube placement had the lower success rate (66.7％ vs 95.8％,P =0.023),the longer time-consuming [(15.4 ±2.1)rin vs (11.2 ± 1.4) min,P =0.000],and but didnt cause more complications (4.2％ vs 0,P =1.000).The success rate of different diseases [severe acute pancreatitis(SAP) vs cerebrovascular disease] hadn't statistically significant difference (94.9％ vs 87.5 ％,P =0.300),but the SAP group consumed less time [(12.6 ± 1.9)min vs (15.5 ± 2.0)min,P =0.000].Conclusions The placement of nasogastrojejunal tube under ultrasound guidance represented a safe,quick and effective method to provide enteral nutrition.
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Introdução: A terapia de nutrição enteral é imprescindível na manutenção e na reabilitação da pessoa acometida por condições crônicas assistida no contexto domiciliar. Para o êxito desta terapêutica, é imperativo assegurar a articulação entre os profissionais e os serviços de saúde e promover a autonomia dos usuários/cuidadores, reconhecendo-os como parceiros. Objetivo geral: Avaliar a prática da terapia de nutrição enteral (TNE) no Programa de Assistência Domiciliária, em um hospital universitário do Município de São Paulo. Método: Pesquisa desenvolvida nas abordagens quantitativa (fase1) e qualitativa (fase 2), exploratório-descritiva, na modalidade de estudo de caso. O cenário foi o Programa de Assistência Domiciliária do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre outubro de 2015 e maio de 2016. Na fase 1, quantitativa, os sujeitos corresponderam a 36 usuários, e os dados foram coletados por meio de dois formulários. Para a análise, empregou-se a estatística descritiva e inferencial. Na fase 2, qualitativa, os participantes foram sete profissionais de saúde e 10 cuidadores/familiares. Para a coleta de dados, adotou-se a entrevista semiestruturada que foi transformada em narrativas, submetidas à análise de conteúdo de Bardin, categorizadas e analisadas à luz do referencial teórico proposto por Wagner. Resultados: Na fase 1, constatou-se que 66,7% eram do sexo feminino, 77,8% com idade a 60 anos e 88,9% estavam acamados. Em relação aos cuidadores/familiares, 88,9% pertenciam ao sexo feminino, possuíam vínculo familiar e média de idade de 51,2 anos (dp13). Quanto à via de acesso, predominaram a nasoenteral (52,8%) e a dieta industrializada (47,3%). A incidência de extubação gástrica foi 1,15/100 pacientes-dia; sendo 0,67/100 pacientes-dia para a não planejada, tendo como principal motivo, o rompimento do balão da sonda de gastrostomia. Nos achados da fase 2, as cinco categorias corresponderam: A nutrição enteral em domicílio: o desvelar do cuidado; Os componentes da tríade avaliativa donabediana no contexto institucional; A expressão de sentimentos: passado, presente e futuro; A tessitura do cuidar: o olhar da equipe interprofissional e dos cuidadores/familiares e A articulação dos serviços de saúde na atenção ao usuário em TNED: do ideal ao real. Dessa maneira, a experiência dos participantes foi marcada pela transição e estabelecimento do cuidado no domicílio, pelo compromisso com o aprendizado e pela superação de obstáculos, frente às extubações não planejadas e o processo de aquisição de dieta industrializada. Considerações Finais: Esta pesquisa propiciou descrever a realidade dos usuários em terapia de nutrição enteral domiciliar (TNED) e conhecer a percepção dos profissionais de saúde e cuidadores/familiares acerca da assistência, permeada por questões envolvendo as atividades do cotidiano dos usuários, o trabalho interprofissional e os desafios oriundos da nutrição enteral no contexto domiciliar. Outrossim, permitiu revisitar o processo de educação em saúde para usuários/cuidadores em TNED, oportunizando a reconstrução de material educativo, com vistas a aprimorar a aquisição do conhecimento e o desenvolvimento de habilidades, que fomentem escolhas e decisões assertivas para melhores desfechos em saúde.
Introduction: Enteral nutrition is essential for maintaining and rehabilitating a person affected by chronic conditions assisted in the home context. For the success of this therapy, it is imperative to ensure the articulation between professionals and health care services promoting the autonomy of patient and caregivers, recognizing them as partners. Objective: To evaluate the practice of Enteral Nutrition (EN) therapy in a Home Care Program, in a university hospital in the city of São Paulo. Method: This research was developed in two phases: quantitative (phase 1) and qualitative (phase 2), both in exploratory-descriptive approaches as a case study. The scenario was the Home Care Program of the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo. Data collection was made between October 2015 and May 2016. In the quantitative phase, the subjects corresponded to 36 patients and the data was collected through two forms while descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the analysis. In the qualitative phase, the participants were seven health professionals and 10 caregivers/family members. For the data collection, a semi-structured interview was adopted, which was then converted into narratives and submitted to the Bardin content analysis, categorized and analysis in light of the theoretical framework proposed by Wagner. Results: In stage 1, was found that 66.7% were female, 77.8%, 60 years and 88.9% were bedridden. Regarding the caregivers/family members, 88.9% were female, with a family tie and the mean age was 51.2 years (sd13). Concerning the access routes, the nasoenteral (52.8%) and the industrialized diet (47.3%) were predominant. The incidence of gastric extubation was 1.15/100 patient-days; and 0.67/100 patient-days represented unplanned ones, due mostly to ruptures of the gastrostomy tube. In the findings of phase 2, five categories corresponded to: Home Enteral Nutrition (HEN): the unveiling of care; The components of the Donabedian triad evaluation in the institutional context; The expression of feelings: past, present and future; The structure of care: the look of the interprofessional team and caregivers/family; and The articulation of health services in the care of users in home enteral nutrition therapy: from ideal to reality. This way, the participants' experience was marked by the transition to and establishment of home care, the commitment to learning and overcoming obstacles due to unplanned extubations, and the process of acquiring an industrialized diet. Conclusion: This research aimed to describe the reality of patients in HEN and to comprehend the perception of health professionals and caregivers/family concerning the care, permeated by issues involving patient' daily activities, interprofessional work and the challenges of enteral nutrition in the home context. In addition, it allowed revisiting the process of health education for patients, caregivers and family members in HEN, offering a reconstruction of the educational material, with a view to improving the knowledge acquisition and abilities development, which foment choices and assertive decisions for better outcomes in health.
Subject(s)
Health Evaluation , Nursing , Intubation, Gastrointestinal , Community Health Services , Basic Health Services , Home Care ServicesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate evidence in the literature on procedures for measuring gastric tube insertion in newborns and verifying its placement, using alternative procedures to radiological examination. Method: an integrative review of the literature carried out in the Cochrane, LILACS, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Scopus databases using the descriptors "Intubation, gastrointestinal" and "newborns" in original articles. Results: seventeen publications were included and categorized as "measuring method" or "technique for verifying placement". Regarding measuring methods, the measurements of two morphological distances and the application of two formulas, one based on weight and another based on height, were found. Regarding the techniques for assessing placement, the following were found: electromagnetic tracing, diaphragm electrical activity, CO2 detection, indigo carmine solution, epigastrium auscultation, gastric secretion aspiration, color inspection, and evaluation of pH, enzymes and bilirubin. Conclusion: the measuring method using nose to earlobe to a point midway between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus measurement presents the best evidence. Equations based on weight and height need to be experimentally tested. The return of secretion into the tube aspiration, color assessment and secretion pH are reliable indicators to identify gastric tube placement, and are the currently indicated techniques.
RESUMO Objetivo: investigar, na literatura, evidências sobre procedimentos de mensuração da sonda gástrica em recém-nascidos e de verificação do seu posicionamento, procedimentos alternativos ao exame radiológico. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases Biblioteca Cochrane, LILACS, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE e Scopus, utilizando os descritores "intubação gastrointestinal" e "recém-nascido" em artigos originais. Resultados: dezessete publicações foram incluídas e categorizadas em "método de mensuração" ou "técnica de verificação do posicionamento". Como métodos de mensuração, foram encontrados os de tomada de duas distâncias morfológicas e os de aplicação de duas fórmulas, uma baseada no peso e outra na altura. Para técnicas de verificação do posicionamento, encontrou-se traçado eletromagnético, atividade elétrica do diafragma, detecção de CO2, solução de índigo carmim, ausculta do epigástrio, aspiração de secreção gástrica, inspeção da cor, avaliação de pH, enzimas e bilirrubina. Conclusão: o método de mensuração que utiliza as medidas do nariz ao lóbulo da orelha ao ponto médio entre apêndice xifoide e cicatriz umbilical apresenta melhores evidências. As equações baseadas em peso e altura necessitam ser testadas experimentalmente. O retorno de secreção na aspiração da sonda, avaliação da cor e do pH da secreção são indicadores confiáveis na identificação do posicionamento da sonda gástrica, e são as técnicas atualmente indicadas.
RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar, en la literatura, evidencias sobre procedimientos de medición de la sonda gástrica en recién nacidos y de verificación de su posicionamiento, procedimientos alternativos al examen radiológico. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura en las bases Biblioteca Cochrane, LILACS, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE y Scopus, utilizando los descriptores "intubación gastrointestinal" y "recién nacido" en artículos originales. Resultados: diecisiete publicaciones fueron incluidas y categorizadas en "método de medición" o "técnica de verificación del posicionamiento". Como métodos de medición, fueron encontrados los de medida de dos distancias morfológicas y los de aplicación de dos fórmulas (una basada en el peso y otra en la altura). Para las técnicas de verificación del posicionamiento, se encontró: trazado electromagnético, actividad eléctrica del diafragma, detección de CO2, solución de índigo carmín, auscultación del epigastrio, aspiración de secreción gástrica, inspección del color, evaluación de pH, enzimas y bilirrubina. Conclusión: el método de medición que utiliza las medidas de la nariz al lóbulo de la oreja al punto medio entre apéndice xifoideo y cicatriz umbilical, presenta las mejores evidencias. Las ecuaciones basadas en peso y altura necesitan ser comprobadas experimentalmente. El retorno de secreción en la aspiración de la sonda, evaluación del color y del pH de la secreción son indicadores confiables en la identificación del posicionamiento de la sonda gástrica, y son las técnicas actualmente indicadas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Intubation, Gastrointestinal/methods , Intubation, Gastrointestinal/standardsABSTRACT
Objective To compare the safety and efficiency of nasogastric ( NG ) feeding with nasojejunal (NJ) feeding in treating severe acute pancreatitis ( SAP).Methods The terms NG tube,NJ tube,SAPand enteral nutritionwere used for literature search in PubMed , Embase, Cochrane Library, WanFang and CNKI databases and the publication deadline was June 1, 2016.Random effect model was used for Meta analysis .Results A total of 5 random clinical trials involving 264 patients ( 136 in NG group and 128 in NJ group ) were included .There was no statistical difference on the incidence of adverse events (mortality:RR=0.77, 95%CI 0.42~1.41, P=0.39; infection complications: RR=0.77, 95%CI 0.45~1.30, P=0.39; digestive complications: RR=1.26, 95%CI 0.73~2.16, P=0.41; stopping nasogastric proportion:RR=0.66, 95%CI 0.10~4.10, P=0.65;MODS rate:RR=0.98, 95%CI 0.71~1.35, P=0.90; the percentage of energy balance: RR=1.00, 95%CI 0.97~1.03, P=0.39 and the average length of hospital stay:RR=0.98, 95%CI 0.71~1.35, P=0.90).Conclusions NG feeding was safe and effective , which was comparable with NJ feeding .NG feeding was more convenient with a higher clinical value .
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Objective To evaluate the safety of nasogastric tube feeding and nasojejunal tube feeding in early enteral nutrition treatment of acute pancreatitis.Methods Using key words,subject headings,and citation tracing,we searched literatures reporting randomised controlled trials on early enteral nutrition treatment of acute pancreatitis through nasojejunal tube and nasogastric tube in the following databases:PubMed,Embase,Cochrane library,Wanfang,China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),and VIP published since the founding of the databases up to 2016.Meta-analysis was performed with the selected literature.Results Seven randomised controlled trials with 367 patients were included.Meta-analysis showed that the nasogastric tube group was not inferior to the nasojejunal tube group in the incidence of recurrent abdominal pain,gastrointestinal adverse reaction,the total length of hospital stay,and mortality.Conclusion Enteral nutrition via nasogastric tube is safe and well tolerated,may be a safe approach of nutrition treatment for acute pancreatitis.
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Objetivou-se realizar a validação de conteúdo de um instrumento sobre a habilidade em sondagem nasogástrica com base no modelo de validação de conteúdo de Pasquali. Trata-se de estudo metodológico desenvolvido com 23 enfermeiros docentes de instituições públicas de ensino superior do Rio Grande do Norte, por meio da aplicação do Índice de Validação de Conteúdo (IVC) e do índice Kappa. Na avaliação geral, o instrumento obteve IVC com valores acima de 0,75, IVC total de 0,95 e Kappa total de 0,91. No entanto, algumas alterações foram realizadas e se concentraram nos requisitos sequência instrucional dos tópicos, clareza e vocabulário. Desse modo, o instrumento apresentou confiabilidade e fidedignidade para observar a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem e pode ser utilizado por serviços de saúde e instituições formadoras para avaliar a habilidade dos profissionais e alunos de graduação, no entanto exige outras fases para uma validação de conteúdo mais precisa e específica.
The objective was to validate the content of an instrument on nasogastric intubation skills based on Pasquali's model of content validation. This was a methodological study conducted with 23 nursing teachers in public higher education institutions in Rio Grande do Norte. The Content Validation Index (CVI) and Kappa Index was applied. In the overall evaluation, the instrument obtained a CVI with values above 0.75 with a total CVI of 0.95 and a total Kappa of 0.91. However, some changes were made on the instructional sequence requirements of the topics, and to vocabulary. The instrument proved to be reliable and trustworthy in facilitating nursing care quality and can be used for health services and educational institutions to assess skill levels of professionals and undergraduate students. However, the instrument requires additional stages for a more precise and specific content validation.
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Humans , Male , Female , Intubation, Gastrointestinal/methods , Intubation, Gastrointestinal/nursing , Validation StudyABSTRACT
Objective To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent nasogastric feeding on enteral nutrition of critical patients. Methods The relevant randomized controlled trials were searched in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, JBI Library and the databases of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Scientific Journal Database by VIP (VIP), Wanfang Database. The studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria by two reviewers. Meta- analysis was conducted by using RevMan 5.2. Results Nine RCTs were included involving 558 patients. The results of meta- analysis showed that intermittent nasogastric feeding was greater than continuous pump feeding in the incidence of constipation, OR=0.32, 95%CI 0.14~0.71, P0.05). Conclusions Intermittent nasogastric feeding and continuous pump feeding did not affect the incidence of diarrhea, aspiration pneumonia, gastric residuals, vomiting, abdominal distension and the effects of nutrition. However, the incidence of constipation was significantly less in patients receiving intermittent nasogastric feeding.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Ⅰ-gel for airway management in the patients requiring insertion of nasogastric tube before laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods Sixty patients,aged 26-64 yr,weighing 54-90 kg,of ASA physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ (Mallampati Ⅰ-Ⅲ),scheduled for elective laparoscopic surgery,were randomly divided into Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups (n =20 each) using a random number table.In group Ⅰ,the nasogastric tube was inserted through the drain tube of LMA I-gel.In group Ⅱ,the nasogastric tube was inserted through the nostril before surgery.In group Ⅲ,the nasogastric tube was inserted through the nostril before surgery,and another nasogastric tube was inserted through the drain tube of LMA I-gel after induction of anesthesia.The hemodynamic parameters,SpO2,PET CO2 and peak airway pressure were monitored during surgery.The fiberoptic laryngoscopy scores were assessed and the development of nasogastric tube displacement was recorded after successful LMA placement.The LMA placement time,success rate of LMA placement at the first attempt,depth of placement,airway sealing pressure,and occurrence of air leakage of LMA and nasogastric tube drainage were recoded.The bloodstains and gastroesophageal reflux were observed after removal of LMA Ⅰ-gel.The pH values were tested at the tip of LMA and on the dorsal and ventral sides of the body of LMA by using pH test papers.The development of adverse reactions in the oropharynx was recorded within 24 h after surgery.Results The hemodynamics was stable and SpO2,peak airway pressure and PETCO2 were all within the normal range during surgery,and Ppeak was lower than airway sealing pressure in the three groups.There were no significant differences between the three groups in LMA placement time,success rate of LMA placement at the first attempt,depth of placement,airway sealing pressure,incidence of air leakage of LMA,fiberoptic laryngoscopy scores,time for removal of LMA I-gel,incidences of adverse reactions in the oropharynx,bloodstains within the body of LMA and gastroesophageal reflux,and pH values at the tip of LMA and on the dorsal and ventral sides of the body of LMA.There was no nasogastric tube displacement in Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups.There were 7 patients developing gastric juice outflow from drainage tube of the LMA I-gel and 2 patients developing gastric juice outflow from the nostril gastrictubes in group Ⅱ.Conclusion For the patients requiring insertion of nasogastric tube before laparoscopic cholecystectomy,insertion of LMA I-gel is easy,and I-gel LMA can assure good airway sealing and adequate ventilation.
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Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) refers to the stroke patients suffering from infectious lung parenchyma (including the alveolar wall,i.e.the general pulmonary interstitial) inflammation without previous pulmonary infection.It is one of the most common major complications resulting in death and affecting functional recovery in patients with stroke.Dysphagia resulting in aspiration is the main reason of SAP.Therefore,avoiding aspiration and preventing SAP have important significance for patients with stroke through early correct tube feeding.This article reviews the tube feeding methods of preventing SAP.